[Effect of social support from husband on the control of risk factors for metabolic syndrome]

Metabolic syndrome, a combination of obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, low high-density cholesterol, and increased triglyceride levels, is now one of the most common diseases throughout the world. This study aimed to determine the effect of the husbands, social support on the control of risk factors for metabolic syndrome in women. In this clinical trial, 182 women with metabolic syndrome were systematic randomly divided into two, the experimental and the control groups. A self designed valid and reliable questionnaire on "perceived social support from husband" and a "24-hour dietary recall" questionnaire were used. Also, a data sheet used to record data on waist circumference, systolic [SBP] and diastolic blood pressure, [DBP] TG, HDL and FBS. After data collection, educational interventions were used, and 3 months after intervention, post-test results were collected. Mean scores of husband social support in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group. Also, after the intervention, significant decrease in macronutrient [fat and carbohydrate] intake was seen in the experimental group, compared to controls. Moreover, mean waist circumference [4.2 cm], triglycerides concentration [54.15 mg/dL, fasting blood sugar, 61.13 mg/dL;] SBP 7.42 mmHg and DBP 9.55 mmHg were decreased, and mean HDL increased to 5.87 mg/dL; all changes were significantly greater than the control group. Improvement in perceived social support from husband could contribute to following a healthy diet and consequently, may reduce the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in women

[Behavioral factors related to musculoskeletal disorders in nurses based on theory of planned behavior]

Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common and costly occupational injuries. Musculoskeletal disorders represent a significant occupational problem among nurses. The aim of current study was to determine behavioral factors related to musculoskeletal disorders among nurses by using the theory of planned behavior. A cross-sectional study was carried out among nurses in hospitals of Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2011. A total number of 264 registered nurses with working experience at least one year, and different shifts were included in the study. A reliable and valid questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior and Nordic was used for data gathering. Data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS for windows V. 16 Independent t-test, chi-square, Mann - Whitney and Pearson correlation tests were used for testing the correlations among variables. The study showed that 47. 5% of nurses in the past 12 months and 36. 2% during the past 7 days have suffered from musculoskeletal disorders. The most work-related disorders were in the low back and neck. Also statistically significant difference was found between the mean scores of the constructs of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention in nurses with and without musculoskeletal disorders. Musculoskeletal disorder rate still is high in nurses and attention and action is needed to improve nurses' health. Theory of planned behavior is effective at identifying behavioral and attitudinal factors related to the correct ergonomic principles in the through working position

[Relationship of perceived social support with receiving macronutrients in women with metabolic syndrome; a cross sectional study using path analysis study]

Metabolic syndrome, defined as a combination of certain series of problems metabolic disorders, is a prevalent disease, significantly more common among women. One way to prevent this disease is to control the diet, which is affected by various intrapersonal, interpersonal and social factors. This research of aims at determining the association between patient consumption of macronutrients influencing metabolic syndrome and the perceived social support of their husbands. This is a cross sectional study, conducted using the correlation method on 329 patients, referred to medical centers of the oil industry. Information on perceived social support was measured by a researcher made, 24 hour questionnaire, with confirmed reliability and validity, to asserss nutritional behavior for three days. Data was analyzed by N4, SPSS and AMOS for the model constructed, using the least extended squares. The averages of daily intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate and fat were 2512.37, 70.95, 420 and 61.61 grams respectively. The average of perceived social support was 65.48. Correlation coefficient showed a significantly inverse relationship between perceived social support and macronutrients received in these women. The hight correlation between social support and fat was observed [beta=-0.606]. Intakes of energy, fat, carbohydrate and protein were higher than RDA and average levels of perceived social support, showing that social support is an effective framework to recognize and predict commitment level of nutritional self care behavior among patients suffering from metabolic syndrome

[Chemical quality of water entrance to dialysis machines and its comparison with AAMI and EPH standards in hospitals of Qom province, Qom, Iran]

The presence of certain chemical compounds in dialysis water which enter patients' bodies through haemodialysis can cause various problems such as acute poisoning, brain damage, osteoarthritis, Therefore, applying the standards for dialysis water is indispensible. This study was carried out to determine the chemical quality of water entrance to dialysis machines and its comparison with AAMI and EPH standards in the hospitals of Qom province. This is a descriptive-cross sectional study which was carried out on 45 samples of water entrance to dialysis machines in hospitals of Qom province. Since there were 3 hospitals in Qom having dialysis units, out of each one 15 samples were chosen as the samples of this study. The following machines were used for analysis of samples in the research: Atomic Absorption, DR4000 and Flame photometer. The gathered data were then analyzed by independent t-test [p<0.5]. The means of all measured compounds were statistically lower than standard levels and had a significant difference with standard levels. The elements and compounds such as Lead, Zinc, Potassium, Sodium, Sulphate, Nitrate, and Chloride in all the measured samples were below the standard levels, but elements such as Aluminum, Cadmium, and Fluoride were above the standard levels in 13, 6 and 9 percent of samples, respectively. The results of the study showed that in all cases the means of all the studied compounds were below the standard levels, indicating high quality dialysis water in the hospitals. However, the presence of high level of elements such as Aluminum, Cadmium, and Fluoride compared with the standard levels signifies that much should be done in examining dialysis water

[Correlation between mental well-being and marital life quality of couples]

The most important reason in couples' marital conflict is their expectancy of their roles in the family. The couples get married by presumptions and different prejudices about emotional subjects and life activities which are the mental well-being. The purpose of this research is the study of mental well-being and marital life quality of couples. The method is cluster sampling in which 50 couples are selected from clinical and health centers of Sirjan. The research method is descriptive- correlation and all data were gathered by Golombok-Rust' marital quality, PANAS scale for positive and negative affect and Debz's life satisfaction questionnaire. All data were analyzed by correlation, regression and variance in SPSS. The results show that there is a positive relationship between marital quality and life satisfaction as a rate of 0.435 [p>0.001], marital quality and positive affect as a rate of 0.322 [p>0.05], life satisfaction and positive affect as a rate of 0.754 [p>0.001]. However, there is a negative relationship between positive effect and negative effect as a rate of 0.205 [p>0.05], and marital quality and negative affect 0.036 [p>0.05]. Since mental well-being increase can anticipate marital life quality; couples' mental well-being strength is a suitable method for marital satisfaction improvement and marital quality which should be studied

[ effect of assertiveness training on students' academic anxiety]

Lower levels of academic anxiety can motivate the educational improvement but higher degrees can be a disturbance in concentration, attention, storage, recall and educational failure. Since it affects millions of students worldwide, the present study aimed to determine the effect of assertiveness training on reducing anxiety level in the pre-university students in Gonabad, Iran in 2008. In this randomized clinical trail, all pre-university students of Gonabad, Iran were invited to the study; and finally 89 students were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. Data collection instruments included a 3-part questionnaire for recording demographic¡ academic anxiety and assertiveness [Rathus questionnaire with a validity of 0.83]. The intervention for the experimental group was a 5-session course of assertiveness training based on PRECEDE model and one session for parents and teachers to help support the intervention program. Post-test was given top both groups 8 weeks after the last training session. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS 16 using paired and independent t-test, chi-square and correlation coefficient. The results showed that anxiety levels and assertiveness in the target group were moderate to high [18.14 and 108 respectively]; a negative but significant relationship was found between these two factors [r =-0.69¡ p < 0.001]. Also, the anxiety levels of the study decreased significantly, so that their anxiety score lowered from 18.87 to 8.12 [P < 0.001]. On the one hand, decisiveness was observed to have increased significantly in the same group [from 107 to 159] [P < 0.001]. However, there was no significant difference between academic anxiety and assertiveness in the control group before and after the intervention. The results showed that training assertiveness was effective in reducing the anxiety in academic settings

[ survey of oral-dental health of grade 3 students of Gonabad primary schools in 2007]

Health fulfillment is based on all effective factors that fulfill it. One of the 11 slogans of 21st century is oral-dental health and it was one of the PHC items before. DMFT is a very simple, fast and reliable index in determining oral-dental health. Grade 3 students of primary school are between deciduous and permanent form dental growth point of view that mixed teeth are observed in this period that make DMFT possible. This study was done to determine oral-dental health status of students with the help of DMFT index in Gonabad city. In this descriptive-cross sectional study, all grade 3 students of primary schools [529 students] were checked for oral-dental health statues and interviewed by a dentist. The used instruments were a checklist, DMFT index, questionnaire, once used mirror a special catather. Data were analyzed by SPSS with T-test, correlative coefficient and variation analyses were analyzed. 51.2% of the samples were male and 49.8% female. 77.3% used tooth-brush and 8.32% used from dental floss. DMFT of students in research was 3.86 +/- 1.11 and DMFT was 1.04 +/- 0.22 that showed no meaningful difference in two semis [p=0.18, p=0.12]. The students that had no caries free tooth were 8.3%. One sided variation analysis showed a meaningful relationship between brushing frequencies with the index. Family size and education had a meaningful relationship with DMFT. The results showed that oral-dental health statues of grade 3 students of Gonabad primary school follow the country model and it is fairly well and CF has no meaningful difference with national index but it is average in accordance with WHO goal. Programmed efforts for KAP improvement and using need resources, administration evaluation, costs efficacy of some measures such as fluoride therapy, etc seems necessary

survey about foot care in diabetic patients, based on health belief model in Kermanshah, Iran [2005]

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common medical problems worldwide. Approximately 18% of persons over 65 years age are diabetic. WHO estimates that the prevalence of diabetes [4% in 1995] will increase to 5.6% in 2025. Diabetic foot problems, are potentially among the most preventable long term complication for diabetics. The purpose of this study was to test the utility of the Health Belief Model [HBM] in understanding and predicting the intention of diabetic patients in prevention of their foot lesions and amputations. This was a cross-sectional study, carried out in 108 diabetic patients in Kermanshah. The data were collected by using a researcher making questionnaire in four sections. All data were collected by direct interview and on basis of constructs of HBM. The data were analyzed by SPSS software. There was significant difference between mean grade scores of HBM, period of their disease and level of education in them [pv<0.000], there was no significant difference between the foot care and period of disease [pv>0.05]. The results of many studies in Iran and out of Iran are consistent with our results. All of these studies showed that HBM constructs may cause the changes and improvement of the behaviour in practice. It can be recommended that HBM model be applied in prevention and treatment of disease in the people

effect of educational programme based on Health Belief Model [HBM] on the foot care by type II diabetic patients

Diabetes a major threat fo public health today and deaths resulting from its later complications such as diabetic foot, have increased alarmingly, causing physical and emotional problems and disability for diabetic patients. The current strategy for prevention of diabetic foot prevention is health education. This study was conducted to assess effects of educational interventions based on the HBM model used in food care by type 2 diabtetic patients. This is an interventional study in which 108 type 2 diabetic patients attending the the Kermanshah diabetic centre participated. They were randomly divided into the case and control groups. For data collection by interview a questionnaire consisting of 59 questions arranged in 5 sections including the demographic HBM model parts [perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers] and also cues of action foot care at home [self-reporting] and the checklist section was used. Realibility and validity of this questionnaire was confirmed before the study. Educational interventions based on HBM model were implemented in three 60 minute-sessions after completion of questionnaires and the data was again collected after one month. Findings showed means for knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, mean grades were at average levels and whereas the foot care mean grade was below average. After intervention, however, the results demonstrated that knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, action and checklist mean grades in type 2 diabetic patients increased significantly in the case group. The findings of this study showed that foot care increased when knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, elevated. These study results confirm the effectiveness and influence of the use of the HBM model in foot care by type 2 diabetic patients